COP 21 - Paris Agreement 2015

• The most important vision COP21today what we have to know nothing but the whole global disease will may effected , effecting a lot. "Climate Change" is a topic of Paris Agreement 2015 - COP21
• The 2015 Paris Climate Conference, a meeting of the 195 nations that make up the United Nations Framework on Climate Change.

With more than 40,000 delegates from 195 countries all over the world, it's a huge meeting. In fact, this is the largest conference the French government has ever organized. The host country's President, Francois Hollande will welcome many major world leaders, including U.S. President Barack Obama, Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, leaders of three countries with the largest carbon emissions.

What is COP21?

COP stands for Conference of Parties, an annual meeting of all nations that make up the United Nations Framework on Climate Change -- 195 nations in total. This is the 21st meeting (thus COP21), with the first occurring in Berlin in 1995.

The purpose of the meetings is to continually assess the nations' progress in dealing with climate change and, every so often, negotiate agreements and set goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions that are the primary drivers of climate change. Previous memorable meetings include COP3 in Kyoto, Japan, which brought about the Kyoto Protocol; COP11, which generated the Montreal Action Plan; and COP15 in Copenhagen, Denmark, which was largely deemed a failure because a binding agreement wasn't reached.

What is the goal of the 2015 conference?

The goal for Paris in December is pretty clear-cut: to achieve a legally binding agreement, with universal participation among all nations, to keep global warming below what most scientists say is the critical threshold of 2 degrees Celsius of warming. (This refers to the increase in globally averaged temperature since the Industrial Revolution.)

This will not be an easy goal to reach, since the planet already has been warmed by 0.85 degrees Celsius since 1880, according to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report in 2014, and many scientists say the gases we have already emitted into the atmosphere will "lock us in" to around 2 degrees Celsius of warming. Therefore, it will take significant reductions in emissions in the near future, especially from the largest emitters such as the United States and China, as well as commitments to sustainable development from all countries, which must be financed by the developed (i.e., rich) nations.

What is necessary for it to be a success?

Since the goal is very clear for COP21, it is necessary for the nations to unanimously adopt a legally binding agreement that will reduce global carbon emissions and aim to keep warming below the 2-degree threshold. Anything resembling Copenhagen in 2009, where some limits to greenhouse gases were agreed upon but no treaty was ultimately signed, would be deemed a failure. The limits that were put in place in the Kyoto Protocol will run out in 2020, so it is imperative that the attendees leave Paris with a new agreement to begin in 2020 and enable long-term change beyond that.

The negotiations in Paris will not just focus on national commitments to reduce greenhouse gases, but will also have a financial aspect, which could prove to be a sticking point. Previous meetings have established a $100 billion-per-year commitment, starting in 2020, from developed countries to help developing countries combat climate change and build through sustainable development. Where this money comes from will be a major negotiating point -- how much from public vs. private sources? What role will businesses play? Answering these financial questions will be crucial to the success or failure of the Paris talks.

Why is it important to me?

Assuming you plan on living on this planet for the next few decades, as opposed to joining the Mars One colonization project, you will be affected by climate change and should care about the outcome of the Paris climate conference, as it will be critical in framing the international response to man-made climate change.

A warming climate will lead to more frequent and extreme heat waves, droughtsand flash floods. In addition to extreme weather, melting glaciers and ice sheets are raising sea levels, which will continue and affect the lives of hundreds of millions of coastal residents worldwide. Other effects such as water scarcity and changes in food supply will also accompany climate change and, like most of the other effects, will hit the developing world disproportionately.

So even as the holiday season is in full swing next month, take a minute from your shopping and keep an eye on the proceedings in Paris, as the fate of the world as we know it could be at stake.Climate Change

Happy Birthday Raghava Lawrence, Do Something

மொட்டசிவா உச்சம் தொட்டசிவா- ராகவா லாரன்ஸ் பிறந்த நாள்

#HBDRaghavaLawrence

#DoSomething

பிறருக்கு உதவுற மாதிரி எதையாவது செய்யணும் என்று நினைப்பதற்கும், நினைச்சதை செஞ்சுகாட்டுவதற்கும் வித்தியாசம் அதிகம். அந்த வகையில் "டு சம்திங், டு சம்திங்" என்று சினிமாவில் மட்டுமல்லாமல் நிஜவாழ்க்கையிலும் நினைத்ததைச் செய்து கொண்டிருக்கிறார் ராகவா லாரன்ஸ்.
==> சென்னை ராயபுரம் குடிசைப்பகுதியில் உள்ள கூரை வீட்டில் பிறந்து வளர்ந்த இவருக்கு, சிறுவயதிலேயே ப்ரைன் டியுமர். அதனால் பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு போனதை விட ஹாஸ்பிடலில் இருந்த நாட்களே அதிகம். படிப்புல கவனம் செலுத்த முடியவில்லை. இப்பவும் தமிழை எழுத்துக்கூட்டி பொறுமையாகத்தான் வாசிப்பேன் என சொல்லும் இவருக்கு, படிக்காதவர்களின் வலியும், படிப்போட முக்கியத்துவமும் நன்றாகவே தெரியும். அதனால்தான் தரமான கல்வியை எல்லாருக்கும் கொடுத்துட்டா, இந்தியா, தானா வல்லரசாகிடும்னு அடிக்கடி சொல்லுவார்.
==> சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த்தின் தீவிர ரசிகர் இவர் சிறுவயதிலிருந்தே தன்னோட எல்லாச் செயல்களிலும் ரஜினியை தீவிரமாக பாலோ பண்ணுபவர். ராகவேந்திரர் செண்டிமெண்ட்டும் தலைவரிடம் இருந்து வந்ததுதான்.
==> நீண்ட நாட்கள் தீராமல் இருந்த ப்ரைன் டியுமர், ராகவேந்திரசுவாமி கோவிலுக்கு சென்று வந்தபோது சரியாகிவிட சென்டிமென்ட்டாக தனது பெயருடன் ராகவாவையும் இணைத்து "ராகவா லாரன்ஸ்" என மாற்றிக்கொண்டார். சென்னை அருகேயுள்ள திருமுல்லைவாயிலில் ராகவேந்திரர் திருக்கோவில் ஒன்று கட்டியுள்ளார் என்பதும் குறிப்பிடத்தக்கது.

==> நடனத்தை பெரிதாக மதிக்கும் இவர், ஷங்கர் இயக்கிய 'ஜென்டில்மேன்' படத்தின் சிக்குபுக்கு சிக்குபுக்கு ரயிலு பாடல் மூலம் டான்சராக 1993-ல் திரையுலகில் அறிமுகமானார்.
==> தமிழ், தெலுங்கு என இரண்டு மொழிகளிலும் சுமார் 32 படங்களுக்கு மேல் நடன இயக்குனராகப் பணியாற்றியுள்ள லாரன்ஸ், கிட்டத்தட்ட 20 படங்களுக்கு மேல் கதாநாயகனாக நடித்துள்ளார். வித்தியாசமான கதைக்களத்துடன் இவர் இயக்கி நடித்த முனி, காஞ்சனா ஆகிய படங்கள் 6 முதல் 60 வரை உள்ள அனைத்துத் தரப்பு ரசிகர்களையும் இவர் பக்கம் இழுத்ததோடு, பாலிவுட்டிலும் இவருக்கு சிவப்புக்கம்பளம் விரிக்க வைத்தது.
==> தன்னைப்போல் சிறுவயதில் படிக்க முடியாமல் கஷ்டப்படும் குழந்தைகளுக்கு உதவ 'டு சம்திங்' என்ற அறக்கட்டளையை நிறுவி கடந்தவருடம் 25 குழந்தைகளுக்கு சொந்த செலவில் உதவியுள்ளார். இதுதவிர நாகார்ஜுனா, சீமான், விஜய் சேதுபதி, ஜெய், தமன்னா, டாப்ஸி, லட்சுமிராய், 'காஞ்சனா’வின் இந்தி தயாரிப்பாளர்கள், தெலுங்கு தயாரிப்பாளர் பெல்லங் கொண்ட சுரேஷ்னு நிறைய பிரபலங்களுடன் இணைத்து கிட்டத்தட்ட 250 குழந்தைகளின் படிப்புக்கு உதவியுள்ளார்.
==> தன்னை வாழவைக்கும் தமிழ் மண்ணுக்கு 1 கோடி ரூபாயை  நன்கொடையாகக் கொடுத்து கல்வி, மருத்துவம், சுற்றுச்சூழல் மேம்பாட்டுப் பணிகளுக்காக ஊருக்கு நல்லது செய்ய விரும்புகிற 100 இளைஞர்கள் மூலம், விகடன் குழுமத்துடன் இணைந்து "கலாமின் காலடிச் சுவட்டில்...... அறம் செய்ய விரும்பு" திட்டத்தின் மூலம் களத்தில் இறங்கியுள்ளார்.
==> நாகா, மொட்ட சிவா கெட்ட சிவா, சாய்ரமணி இயக்கத்தில் ஒருபடம்  என அடுத்தடுத்து படங்களில் படு பிசியாக உள்ள இவர் ரீசன்ட்டாக 6 மாத குழந்தையின் இதயத்தில் ஏற்பட்ட வால்வு பிரச்சனை அறுவை சிகிச்சைக்காக உதவி செய்துள்ளார்.

Amaravathi , the new capital of Andhra pradesh

Amaravati, the dream capital of Andhra Pradesh

• https://youtu.be/V3NqjWRjX1w

LOCATION: An area covering 30 villages between Vijayawada and Guntur, some 35 km away from Amaravati town. For, this is the only place where the Krishna flows north instead of east or south.

AREA: The Andhra Pradesh government, through the AP Capital Region Development Authority, got some 30,000 acres of land — but another 3,000 acres could not be procured because farmers were unwilling.

DEVELOPMENT PLAN: The seed capital development area will cover 16.7 sq km and comprise the AP Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council, High Court, Secretariat, Raj Bhavan, quarters for the ministers and officials, and the township for government officials. Work on this is starting today.

CORE AREA: Expected to be completed by 2018-19, the Seed Capital Area (SCA) will be home to about 3 lakh residents. The business hub is expectd to generate about 7 lakh jobs in various sectors, including government. There will be a thriving, state of the art, Central Business District (CBD) for business and living.

TRANSPORTATION: The master plan envisages nodes and corridors for a transit-oriented development approach. So, there will be an integrated network of 12km of Metro railways, 15km of Bus Rapid Transit systems, 7km of downtown roads, 26km of arterial and sub-arterial roads and 53km of collector roads.

MASTER PLAN: The city has been split into the CBD, residential townships, institutions, parks and gardens, water bodies, recreational spaces, waterfront etc. The city will be planned on sustainable development principles, with extensive, open green spaces, to add value to the urban ecosystem.

TRANSIT HUB: A regional expressway and an outer regional expressway will connect various towns to the core capital region. A dedicated freight corridor will connect with highways leading to New Delhi via Hyderabad. National Waterway 4 proposed to be developed on Wazirabad-Vijayawada-Vodarevu Port and Wazirabad-Vijayawada-Rajahmundry-Kakinada routes connecting other places via rivulets and canals. An airport planned at Mangalagiri, and five corridors will have high-speed railways.

Kalam 's Quote

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's ten quotes

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India's Missile Man was a prolific writer and speaker, and inspired the youth to work hard to make dreams come true.

Here are top ten quotes from him:

1. My message, especially to young people is to have courage to think differently, courage to invent, to travel the unexplored path, courage to discover the impossible and to conquer the problems and succeed.

2. Dream, dream, dream! Conduct these dreams into thought, and then transform them into action.

3. Each setback teaches us a new facet of life and something about our own personalities. When we tackle obstacles, we find hidden reserves of courage and resilience we did not know we had.

4. I have seen both sides of the coin and have learnt life’s toughest lessons when I have stared into the pit of despair that failure brings with it. These lessons are well worth recounting and remembering, as they have helped me work my way through many difficult situations.

5. On the Holy Quran

I have worked with many brilliant engineers/leaders. The words from the Quran ring in my ears when I think of them: ‘Light upon light. Allah guides His light to whom He will.’

6. On the Gita

(In the battle of Mahabharata) In another vision of the garden, all the flowers which blossomed in the morning now fall to the ground. Lord Krishna tells Arjuna, "See the flower, how generously it distributes perfume and honey. It gives to all, gives freely its essence. When its work is done, it falls away quietly. Try to be like the flower, unassuming despite all its qualities."

7. Beauty is in the heart, not in the face.

8. Thinking should become your capital asset, no matter whatever ups and downs you come across in your life.

9. The wealth of information now available at the click of a finger amazes me. As a person closely involved with engineering and science, the march of technology should not surprise me, but when I juxtapose our lives today with what it was like 70 years ago, in a small south Indian town, the difference is startling even for me.

10. Those who cannot work with their hearts achieve but a hollow, half-hearted success that breeds bitterness all around.

Wings of Fire

Wings of fire

Book cover for A P J Abdul Kalam's Wings of Fire.

Wings of Fire: An Autobiography of APJ Abdul Kalam (1999) is an autobiography of A P J Abdul Kalam,^[1] former President of India. It was written by Dr. Kalam^[2] and Arun Tiwari.^[3]Kalam examines his early life, effort, hardship, fortitude, luck and chance that eventually led him to lead Indian space research, nuclear, and missile programs. Kalam started his career, after graduating from Aerospace engineering at MIT (Chennai), India, atHindustan Aeronautics Limited and was assigned to build a hovercraft prototype. Later he moved to ISRO and helped establish the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and pioneered the first space launch-vehicle program. During the 1990s and early 2000, Kalam moved to the DRDO to lead the Indian nuclear weapons program, with particular successes in thermonuclear weapons development culminating in the operationSmiling Buddha and an ICBM Agni (missile). Kalam died on 27 July 2015.

Happy Birthday Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam

ஆவுல் பக்கிர் ஜைனுலாபுதீன் அப்துல் கலாம் (அக்டோபர் 15, 1931 -ஜூலை 27, 2015) பொதுவாக டாக்டர் ஏபிஜே அப்துல் கலாம், என்று குறிப்பிடப்படுகிறார். இந்தியாவின் 11 ஆவது குடியரசு தலைவராகபணியாற்றிய இந்தியஅறிவியலாளரும் நிர்வாகியும் ஆவார். கலாம் தமிழ்நாட்டில் இராமேஸ்வரம்என்ற இடத்தில் பிறந்து வளர்ந்தார். திருச்சியில் உள்ள புனித ஜோசப் கல்லூரியில் இயற்பியலும் மெட்ராஸ் தொழில்நுட்பக் கல்லூரியில்விண்வெளி பொறியியலும் படித்தார்.

கலாம், குடியரசுத் தலைவராக பதவி ஏற்பதற்குமுன், பாதுகாப்பு ஆராய்ச்சி மற்றும் மேம்பாட்டு நிறுவனத்திலும்(DRDO) இந்திய விண்வெளி ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனத்திலும், (ISRO) விண்வெளி பொறியாளராக பணியாற்றினார். ஏவுகணை மற்றும் ஏவுகணை ஏவல் வாகன தொழில்நுட்ப வளர்ச்சியில் கலாமின் ஈடுபாட்டினால் அவர் இந்திய ஏவுகணை நாயகன் என்று பிரபலமாக அறியப்படுகிறார். 1974 ஆம் ஆண்டில் நடந்த முதல் அணு ஆயுத சோதனைக்கு பிறகு 1998 ஆம் ஆண்டில் நடந்தபோக்ரான் - II அணு ஆயுத பரிசோதனையில் நிறுவன, தொழில்நுட்ப, மற்றும் அரசியல் ரீதியாக அவர் முக்கிய பங்காற்றினார். எனினும், சில அறிவியல் வல்லுனர்கள் கலாம் அணு இயற்பியலில் ஆளுமை இல்லாதவர் என்றும், ஹோமி ஜே பாபாமற்றும் விக்ரம் சாராபாய் அவர்களை பின்பற்றினார் என்றும் கூறினர்.

கலாம், இந்தியாவின் முக்கியக் கட்சிகளான இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசுமற்றும் பாரதிய ஜனதா கட்சியின்ஆதரவுடன், 2002 ஆம் ஆண்டில் லட்சுமி சாகலை தோற்கடித்து, இந்தியக் குடியரசுத் தலைவராக தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டார். அவர் பாட்னா, அஸ்தினாபூரில் உள்ள இந்திய மேலாண்மை நிறுவனங்களில் ஒரு வருகைப் பேராசிரியர் ஆகவும், திருவனந்தபுரத்தில் உள்ள இந்திய விண்வெளி அறிவியல் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப நிறுவனத்தின் வேந்தர் ஆகவும், சென்னை அண்ணா மற்றும் ஜே எஸ் எஸ் மைசூர் பல்கலைக்கழகங்களில் பேராசிரியர் ஆகவும் பணியாற்றியதோடு, சோமாலியாவில் உள்ள பல கல்வி மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி நிறுவனங்களில் துணை/வருகைப் பேராசிரியர் ஆகவும் பணியாற்றினார்.

கலாம் தனது இந்தியா 2020 என்ற புத்தகத்தில் இந்தியாவை வளர்ந்த நாடாக மாற்ற திட்டங்களை முன்மொழிந்துள்ளார். தென் கொரியாவில் அவருடைய புத்தகங்கள், மொழிபெயர்ப்புப் பிரதிகளாக மாற்றுவதற்காக பெரும் வரவேற்பைப் பெற்றிருக்கின்றன. அவர் இந்தியாவின் உயரிய விருதான பாரத ரத்னா உட்பட, பல மதிப்புமிக்க விருதுகளை பெற்றுள்ளார். கலாம் தனது ஊக்குவிக்கும் முறையிலான பேச்சுக்களாலும், இந்திய மாணவர் சமூகத்துடன் கலந்துரையாடல்களாலும் பெரிதும் அறியப்படுகிறார். அவர் 2011 ஆம் ஆண்டில் தேச இளைஞர்களுக்காக, இந்தியாவில் ஊழலை ஒழிப்பதை மையக் கருவாகக் கொண்டு, "நான் என்ன தர முடியும்" என்ற இயக்கத்தை ஆரம்பித்தார். கலாம் ஜனாதிபதியாக இருந்தபோது, கருணை மனுக்களின் மீது முடிவேதும் எடுக்காமல் இருந்த காரணத்தால், குற்றவாளிகளின் மீதான நடவடிக்கைகள் கால தாமதம் ஆகியதற்காக, விமர்சிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளார்

Kalam Foundation

• Dr APJ Abdul Kalam AFP

The grandnephew of former PresidentAPJ Abdul Kalamhas announced that the family is setting up ‘Kalam Foundation’ in the former President's honour. The foundation will be launched on October 11 in Chennai.

According to a report in The Hindu, the foundation’s aim will be to carry forward Kamal’s mission and make his vision come true. APJ MJ Sheik Saleem made this announcement. He recently joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.

Saleem has also stated that a ‘Kalam National Centre for Knowledge and Discovery’ will be set up by the foundation. Ponraj, a close aide and advisor to Dr Kalam, and Saleem had said that they had requested the Centre to set up a ‘Kalam National Centre for Knowledge and Discovery’, on September 4 in Rameswaram. It was post this that Saleem joined the BJP.

Need to be a part of human being... Wish for helping diasbled personalities... Plant more trees to save our earth... Hope I will have a time to do as mentioned...

Home » Books » 2020- A Vision for the New Millennium Books 2020- A Vision for the New Millennium APJ Abdul Kalam With YS Rajan Published By: Penguin Books India(Private) Limited, New Delhi. www.penguinbooksindia.com Preface Both of us were born when India was still struggling for her independence. One was in the final year of school when Jawahar Lal Nehru made his famous speech about India waking up to make her tryst with destiny; the other was a child speaking a first few words. Our families were not known for riches or power. Destiny in the form of the progressive measures taken by independent India to harness science and technology in order to develop a modern nation brought us together. It was the vision of the great Vikram Sarabhai, supported by Nehru and Homi Bhabha, which gave us the opportunity to work on the space programme. The programme was aimed at carrying developmental messages into homes all over the country, especially in the 6 lakh villages, by leap-frogging many traditional routes. The programme also aimed at surveying the natural resources of the country so that they could be harnessed to benefit our people. Many in India must have considered these objectives an unattainable dream in the early '60s when the space programme was born. We, however, along with many of our colleagues, saw these aims as a vision real and attainable. What followed was a shared mission. Every person in ISRO believed that they were born to realize all that space technology can bring to the country and its people. For us, then, there was no going back. There were days and nights of work. Many failures and a few hard-won successes. The systems which were designed, developed, fabricated and tested were directed towards a common goal-a strong India, a developed and proud India with the benefits available all over the country. It is gratifying to note the vision, in relation to space technology, has come true now especially in terms of reaching out to the people; providing communication through networks in remote areas; disaster warning systems; quick resource surveys to target ground water, save our forest cover and so on. And, of course, in areas of certain strategic strengths, vital to India in a world which respects only strength. We are also proud and happy that the dreams of many Indians in the agricultural, scientific, artistic, cultural and social fields have also come true. However, the vision of a prosperous India without poverty, an India strong in trade and commerce, an India strong in many fields of science and technology, an India with innovative industry and with health and education for all, has remained just partially realized. In some areas, in fact, pessimism has taken deep roots. We have completed the fiftieth year of our independence, with a large majority born after independence. Every year about twenty million Indians are being added to the nation. What vision can they have? Should we, like some, question the very concept of development and leave our people to the same condition of stagnation which existed for centuries? Or think only of the upper strata of society and leave the rest to their fate, employing such nice sounding phrases as 'market driven strategies' and 'competitiveness'? Or leave the initiative to various globalizing forces? Where should we see India (and its people) going in the next two decades? In the next five decades? And more? The authors were fortunate to have been associated with a large number of persons who were interested in posing these questions and finding some answers. These came substantially through a novel organization, the Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), which launched a major exercise called Technology Vision for India up to 2020. About 500 experts with unique experience in industry, academia, laboratories and government administration were deeply involved in the exercise. Experts and socially aware persons also participated. About 5000 people contributed indirectly through responses to questionnaires and other inputs. Subsequently, while the teams deliberated on various issues and the draft reports, and later when the report was released by the Prime Minister on 2 August 1996, we had numerous opportunities to interact with many others about a vision for India. We had the benefit of various inputs ranging from encouraging suggestions for specific actions to pessimistic comments about the inability of systems to act on anything focused and long term. We travelled widely to interact with different sections of people in variegated parts of the country. We also reflected on the imperatives for India in a changing world. We are aware of our systems of governance and social and political compulsions. We are fortunate to have gained experience in implementing projects involving people of various strata as beneficiaries, as well as projects entailing strong commercial pressures and those that are high profile, such as a satellite or a launch vehicle or missile project. The execution of these schemes provided varied experiences, which worked as base line knowledge for the shaping of this book. Having taken these factors into account and after studying several vision reports of India and other countries, we still believe firmly that India can reach a developed country status by 2020. The Indian people can rise well above the present poverty and contribute more productively to their country because of their own improved health, education and self­esteem. India can have considerable technological strengths, so crucial for its strategic strengths and for economic and trade related strengths. In this book we have attempted to share some of these thoughts. We have also disclosed elements of a few action plans, which can be missions for many young people in the country. We hope that these will help to stimulate young Indians and ignite their minds in the same way that we were ignited by the space programme three decades ago. Our vision ahead for the country and the missions we see before us make us feel young even now. A developed India, by 2020 or even earlier is not a dream. It need not even be a mere aspiration in the minds of many Indians. It is a mission we can all take up-and accomplish. Ignited young minds, we feel, are a powerful resource. This resource is mightier than any resource on the earth, in the sky and under the sea. We must all work together to transform our 'developing India' into a 'developed India', and the revolution required for this effort must start in our minds. This book, India 2020, will hopefully be the source for igniting many minds. Contents Acknowledgements (xi) Preface (xiii) 1. Can India Become a Developed Country? (1) 2. What Other Countries Envision for Themselves (26) 3. Evolution of Technology Vision 2020 (46) 4. Food, Agriculture and Processing (59) 5. Materials and the Future (87) 6. Chemical Industries and Our Biological Wealth (118) 7. Manufacturing for the Future (139) 8. Services As People's Wealth (156) 9. Strategic Industries (187) 10. Health Care for All (217) 11. The Enabling Infrastructure (241) 12. Realizing the Vision (268) Afterword (305) Appendix (306) References and Further Reading (308)